New York State Law
Vehicle and Traffic Law
Consolidated Laws of New York's VTL code
Article 16 - NY Vehicle and Traffic Law
REGISTRATION OF DEALERS AND TRANSPORTERS
| Section | Description |
|---|---|
| 415 | Registration of manufacturers, dealers, repairmen and others. |
| 415-a | Vehicle dismantlers and other persons engaged in the transfer or disposal of junk and salvage vehicles. |
| 415-b | Local regulation of vehicle dismantlers in cities having a population in excess of one million. |
| 415-c | Sale of salvaged inflatable restraint systems; restrictions. |
| 416 | Limited use of dealer's and transporter's number plates by vendee or lessee. |
| 416-a | Bumper quality label requirements. |
| 416-b | Vehicle data recording devices. |
| 417 | Certificates by retail dealers on sales of second hand motor vehicles. |
| 417-a | Mandatory disclosures by sellers prior to resale. |
| 417-b | Mandatory disclosures by second-hand dealers prior to resale. |
| 418 | Punishment for violations. |
| 419 | Recreational vehicle shows or exhibits. |
S 415. Registration of manufacturers, dealers, repairmen and others. 1. Definitions. The following terms when used in this article, shall be deemed to mean and include: a. "Dealer" means a person engaged in the business of buying, selling or dealing in motor vehicles, motorcycles or trailers, other than mobile homes or manufactured homes, at retail or wholesale; except, however, trailers with an unladen weight of less than one thousand pounds. For the purposes of this section, a "mobile home" or "manufactured home" means a mobile home or manufactured home as defined in section one hundred twenty-two-c of this chapter. Any person who sells, or offers for sale more than five motor vehicles, motorcycles or trailers in any calendar year or who displays or permits the display of three or more motor vehicles, motorcycles or trailers for sale at any one time or within any one calendar month upon premises owned or controlled by him, if such vehicles were purchased, acquired or otherwise obtained by such person for the purpose of resale, will be regarded as a dealer. Except as otherwise provided in subdivisions three, five, six-b, and seven of this section, the term "dealer" shall include a "new motor vehicle dealer" as defined by paragraph f of this subdivision and a "qualified dealer" as defined in paragraph g of this subdivision. b. "Person" means any natural person, firm, corporation, partnership, limited liability company, entity, joint venture, association or organization. c. "Place of business" means a designated location at which the business of the dealer is conducted, and, in relation to a retail dealer, facilities for displaying new or used motor vehicles. d. "Retail dealer" means a dealer whose business consists in whole or in part of buying, selling or dealing in motor vehicles, motorcycles or trailers at retail. e. "Wholesale dealer" means a dealer whose business consists exclusively of buying, selling or dealing in motor vehicles, motorcycles or trailers at wholesale. f. "New motor vehicle dealer" means a dealer who engages in the activities described in paragraph a of this subdivision if such activities relate to new motor vehicles and if such dealer is party to a franchise, as the terms "new motor vehicle" and "franchise" are defined in section four hundred sixty-two of this title; provided, however, for purposes of this definition, a new motor vehicle shall include only those motor vehicles commonly classified as a passenger automobile, sport utility vehicle, light truck, pickup truck, van, minivan, or suburban, with a gross vehicle weight rating of ten thousand pounds or less, and shall not include (i) any such vehicle which has been converted for use as a tow truck, or (ii) a motor vehicle for which the current ownership document is a statement of acquisition issued pursuant to section four hundred twenty-nine of this title, a salvage certificate, salvage certificate of title, nonrepairable certificate, or similar document issued by any state or jurisdiction; or (iii) any motor vehicle commonly classified as a bus, school bus, garbage truck, marine trailer, tow truck, motorcycle, recreational vehicle, snowmobile, trailer, mobile home or construction equipment; and provided further that a dealer is a new motor vehicle dealer only with respect to those vehicles which are of the same make as those which that dealer is authorized to sell at that location pursuant to a valid franchise agreement. g. "Qualified dealer" means a dealer, other than a new motor vehicle dealer or a dealer owned in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, by a manufacturer, who: (i) acting through a single person, but operating at one or more locations of such single person, has displayed new motor vehicles for sale and/or lease, and has sold and/or leased (excluding sales or leases of any affiliates) a minimum of four thousand new and/or used motor vehicles annually (of which at least forty percent annually were new motor vehicles) at retail regardless of make or model from any one or more locations of such single person within the state, in each year from nineteen hundred ninety-five through and including nineteen hundred ninety-eight, exclusively; or (ii) has displayed new motor vehicles for sale and/or lease, and has sold and/or leased (excluding sales or leases of any affiliates) a minimum of two hundred twenty-five new and/or used motor vehicles (of which at least thirty-three and one-third percent were new motor vehicles) at retail, regardless of make or model, from any one or more locations within the state, in the twelve-month period preceding August thirty-first, nineteen hundred ninety-nine; or (iii) was issued an original certificate of registration as a dealer with a validation date of May, nineteen hundred ninety-nine, has displayed new motor vehicles for sale and/or lease, and has sold and/or leased (excluding sales or leases of any affiliates) a minimum of one hundred fifty new and/or used motor vehicles (of which at least fifty were new motor vehicles), regardless of make or model, from any one or more locations within the state, in the period between July first, nineteen hundred ninety-nine and the effective date of the chapter of the laws of two thousand which added this subparagraph. Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision eighteen of this section, the total number of locations from which a qualified dealer eligible pursuant to this subparagraph may operate shall not exceed that number of locations operated by such qualified dealer on August thirty-first, nineteen hundred ninety-nine; or (iv) was issued a certificate of registration as a dealer new and used with a validation date of February, nineteen hundred ninety-eight and has continuously held a certificate of registration as a dealer for the ten years preceding the effective date of the chapter of the laws of two thousand which added this subparagraph, and has sold and/or leased (excluding sales or leases of any affiliates) a minimum of two hundred new and/or used motor vehicles (of which at least twenty percent were new motor vehicles) regardless of make or model, from one or more locations within the state in the period between September first, nineteen hundred ninety-eight through and including August thirty-first, nineteen hundred ninety-nine. h. For the purposes of this section, "new motor vehicle" means a motor vehicle commonly classified as a passenger automobile, sport utility vehicle, light truck, pick up truck, van, minivan or suburban which meets any one or more of the following criteria: (i) a motor vehicle which has not been placed in consumer use; or (ii) a motor vehicle which has not been transferred to someone other than a distributor, new motor vehicle dealer, or qualified dealer; or (iii) a motor vehicle which has less than one thousand miles on the odometer. Provided, however, that such term shall not include any such vehicle which has been converted for use as a tow truck or any motor vehicle commonly classified as a bus, school bus, garbage truck, marine trailer, tow truck, motorcycle, recreational vehicle, snowmobile, trailer, mobile home or construction equipment. i. "Used motor vehicle" means any vehicle not included in the definition of a new motor vehicle. Provided, however, that such term as used in paragraph g of this subdivision shall include only those motor vehicles commonly classified as a passenger automobile, sport utility vehicle, light truck, pick up truck, van, minivan or suburban, with a gross vehicle weight rating of ten thousand pounds or less, which (i) is not deemed to be a "new motor vehicle" pursuant to paragraph h of this subdivision, or (ii) has not been converted for use as a tow truck, or (iii) is not commonly classified as a bus, school bus, garbage truck, marine trailer, tow truck, motorcycle, recreational vehicle, snowmobile, trailer, mobile home, or construction equipment. j. "Lease" means to arrange for a person to enter into an agreement subject to the provisions of article nine-A of the personal property law, or to act as a lessor as defined in such article. 2. Registration of manufacturers, repairmen and certain others. A person engaged in a business requiring the limited operation of motor vehicles, motorcycles or trailers in order to facilitate the delivery, repair or improvement thereof, or the foreclosure or repossession thereof or the installation of something thereon or for the purpose of dismantling such motor vehicle, motorcycle or trailer, may, instead of obtaining vehicle registration, as provided by sections four hundred one and four hundred ten of this chapter, apply to the commissioner for registration under this section. 3. Registration of new motor vehicle dealers, qualified dealers, and other motor vehicle dealers. a. No person shall engage in business as a new motor vehicle dealer, or represent, advertise, or otherwise hold himself or herself out as engaged or intending to engage in the business of selling new motor vehicles in this state, unless there shall have been issued to him or her, for a particular make, a certificate of registration as a new motor vehicle dealer as provided in subdivision seven of this section, or unless there shall have been issued to him or her a certificate of registration as a qualified dealer as defined in paragraph g of subdivision one of this section; provided, however, for purposes of this subdivision, a new motor vehicle shall have the same meaning as set forth in paragraph h of subdivision one of this section, but shall not include a motor vehicle for which the current ownership document is a statement of acquisition issued pursuant to section four hundred twenty-nine of this title, a salvage certificate, salvage certificate of title, nonrepairable certificate, or similar document issued by any state or jurisdiction. Only a person who has been issued a certificate as a new motor vehicle dealer or a qualified dealer shall be entitled to engage in all dealer activities authorized under this article and shall not be required to obtain an additional certificate of registration under paragraph c of subdivision seven of this section. A qualified dealer shall be entitled to sell new motor vehicles of any make. b. No person shall engage in the business of selling new motor vehicles, or represent or advertise that he or she is engaged or intends to engage in the business of selling new motor vehicles in this state, unless there shall have been issued to him or her a certificate of registration as a new motor vehicle dealer or as a qualified dealer as provided in subdivision seven of this section. No person shall engage in business as a dealer, or represent or advertise that he or she is engaged or intends to engage in such business in this state, unless there shall have been issued to him or her a certificate of registration as provided in subdivision seven of this section. No provision of this section shall be deemed to prohibit any dealer located outside of the state from selling a new motor vehicle to a new motor vehicle dealer or a qualified dealer. No provision of this section shall be deemed to prohibit any person engaged in the leasing of new motor vehicles from selling a new motor vehicle to a third-party bank, finance company or other commercial lending institution, provided that such sale is made incidental to and concurrently with the lease of such new motor vehicle by such third party bank, finance company, or other commercial lending institution as the lessor, to a retail customer. c. The issuance of such certificate of registration to a new motor vehicle dealer, a qualified dealer, or other motor vehicle dealer shall be deemed to include the right to operate motor vehicles, motorcycles and trailers to the extent permitted by subdivision eight of this section, instead of obtaining vehicle registration as provided by sections four hundred one and four hundred ten of this title. The provisions of this section shall not apply to persons engaged in the business of buying, selling or dealing in snowmobiles and/or snow travellers. 4. Number plates. A dealer or other person, qualifying for limited use of motor vehicles, motorcycles or trailers under subdivisions two and three of this section, shall be entitled to receive one or more sets of number plates for display thereon as the commissioner may determine, upon payment of the required fee for each set. Number plates issued to dealers under this section shall bear distinctive marks to distinguish them from transporter plates to be issued to other persons qualifying under this section. A set of number plates shall consist of two plates in the case of a motor vehicle and one plate in the case of a motorcycle or trailer; provided, however, that the commissioner, in his discretion, may issue, for any registration year, only one number as a set for a motor vehicle, in which event a set of number plates for a motor vehicle shall consist of one plate. 5. Application for registration. The application for registration under this section shall be filed with the commissioner in such form and detail as the commissioner shall prescribe, setting forth: a. Name and residence address of applicant; if an individual, the name under which he intends to conduct business; if a co-partnership, the name and residence address of each member thereof, and the name under which the business is to be conducted; if a corporation, the name of the corporation and the name and residence address of each of the officers. b. The place or places, including the complete address or addresses where the business is to be conducted and, in the case of an application to do business as a new motor vehicle dealer, the names of each line or make of new motor vehicle which a manufacturer or distributor has authorized the applicant to sell from each location and the date of inception of the franchise, as defined in section four hundred sixty-two of this title, which authorizes the applicant to sell such line or make from each location. A copy of each such franchise, or other documentation in lieu thereof satisfactory to the commissioner, shall be submitted to the commissioner at the time of application and upon each renewal of each certificate to do business as a new motor vehicle dealer. b-1. The name and address of the surety company which will issue the bond required by subdivision six-b of this section. If the bond is to be issued by an authorized agent of the surety company licensed by the state, then the name and address of that agent may be provided in lieu of the information concerning the surety company. c. Such further information as the commissioner may reasonably prescribe. d. Before an application for an original certificate of registration is approved, the applicant must have on the premises to be licensed adequate space and proper facilities to retain and safeguard all records and documents he must maintain upon the licensed premises as required by the vehicle and traffic law and the regulations of the commissioner. The commissioner may require the applicant for registration to appear at such time and place as may be designated by the commissioner for examination to enable him to determine the accuracy of the facts set forth in the written application, either for initial registration or renewal thereof. Every application under this section shall be verified by the applicant. * 6. Fees. Every original application for registration as a dealer or transporter shall be accompanied by an application fee of thirty-seven dollars and fifty cents, which shall in no event be refunded. The annual fee for registration as a dealer or transporter or for renewal thereof shall be two hundred twenty-five dollars. The annual fee for any other registration under this section shall be fifty dollars. However, the commissioner may, in his discretion, issue a renewal of either registration for a period of two years. The fee for a two-year renewal shall be twice the annual fee. The annual fee for dealer or transporter number plates shall be twenty dollars for each set. If the commissioner issues to dealers a document which is required to be used by a dealer to sell or transfer a vehicle, the fee for the issuance of each such document shall be five dollars. There shall be no refund of registration fee or fees for number plates in the event of suspension, revocation or voluntary cancellation of registration. The fee for any such transfer document issued by the commissioner shall be refunded only upon the surrender of such document upon voluntary cancellation of registration. * NB Effective until April 1, 2020 * 6. Fees. Every original application for registration as a dealer or transporter shall be accompanied by an application fee of twenty-five dollars, which shall in no event be refunded. The annual fee for registration as a dealer or transporter or for renewal thereof shall be one hundred fifty dollars. The annual fee for any other registration under this section shall be fifty dollars. However, the commissioner may, in his discretion, issue a renewal of either registration for a period of two years. The fee for a two-year renewal shall be twice the annual fee. The annual fee for dealer or transporter number plates shall be twenty dollars for each set. If the commissioner issues to dealers a document which is required to be used by a dealer to sell or transfer a vehicle, the fee for the issuance of each such document shall be one dollar. There shall be no refund of registration fee or fees for number plates in the event of suspension, revocation or voluntary cancellation of registration. The fee for any such transfer document issued by the commissioner shall be refunded only upon the surrender of such document upon voluntary cancellation of registration. * NB Effective April 1, 2020 * 6-a. Fees; deposited. Fees assessed under this section shall be paid to the commissioner for deposit to the general fund, with the exception of the four dollar increase in the fee for issuance of a document to be used by a dealer to sell or transfer a vehicle collected pursuant to subdivision six of this section, which shall be deposited to the general fund through March thirty-first, two thousand four and from April first, two thousand four and thereafter to the dedicated highway and bridge trust fund; and with the exception of the twelve dollar and fifty cent increase in the fee for original application for registration as a dealer or transporter pursuant to subdivision six of this section and the seventy-five dollar increase in the annual fee for registration as a dealer or transporter or for renewal pursuant to subdivision six of this section, which shall be deposited to the dedicated highway and bridge trust fund established pursuant to section eighty-nine-b of the state finance law and the dedicated mass transportation fund established pursuant to section eighty-nine-c of the state finance law and distributed according to the provisions of subdivision (d) of section three hundred one-j of the tax law. * NB Effective until April 1, 2020 * 6-a. Fees; deposited. Fees assessed under this section shall be paid to the commissioner for deposit to the general fund. * NB Effective April 1, 2020 6-b. Dealer, qualified dealer, and new motor vehicle dealer surety bond. a. As a condition to obtaining a registration certificate pursuant to this section, every new motor vehicle dealer applicant and every qualified dealer applicant shall obtain and continue in effect a surety bond in an amount of fifty thousand dollars executed by a surety company authorized to transact business in the state by the department of financial services of the state. As a condition to obtaining a registration certificate pursuant to this section, every dealer applicant who is applying for a registration certificate in the first instance or who sold two hundred motor vehicles or fewer in the previous calendar year shall obtain and continue in effect a surety bond in an amount of ten thousand dollars executed by a surety company authorized to transact business in the state by the department of financial services of the state. As a condition of obtaining a registration certificate pursuant to this section, every dealer applicant who sold more than two hundred motor vehicles in the previous calendar year shall obtain and continue in effect a surety bond in an amount of twenty-five thousand dollars executed by a surety company authorized to transact business in the state by the department of financial services of the state. The bonds shall be approved as to form by the commissioner and shall be conditioned on the new motor vehicle dealer's, qualified dealer's, and dealer's: payment of all valid bank drafts, including checks, drawn by such dealer for the purchase of motor vehicles; transfer of good title to each motor vehicle such dealer sells; safekeeping of all customer deposits related to the sale of a motor vehicle between the time of receipt of such customer deposit and the transfer of good title to the vehicle to the customer; payment for all fines imposed upon the new motor vehicle dealer, qualified dealer, or dealer by the commissioner pursuant to the provisions of this chapter; and such dealer's repayment of any overcharges of a customer by such dealer for the vehicle registration and titling charges payable to the commissioner for registering and titling the sold vehicle. b. Recovery against a bond may be made by a person, including the state, who obtains a judgment against the new motor vehicle dealer, qualified dealer, or dealer for an act or omission on which the bond is conditioned if the act or omission occurred during the term of the bond. The total liability imposed on the surety under this section for all breaches of the bond condition is limited to the face amount of the bond. Such liability may include, but is not limited to, the amount of the valid bank drafts, including checks, drawn by the new motor vehicle dealer, qualified dealer, or dealer for the purchase of motor vehicles or the amount of overcharge by such dealer for registration or title fees or the amount paid to such dealer or the deposit, as the case may be, for the motor vehicle for which good title was not delivered. In no event shall the surety on a bond be liable for total claims in excess of the bond amount, regardless of the number or nature of claims made against the bond or the number of years the bond remained in force, nor shall any such surety bond provide coverage for transactions involving sales of any motor vehicles for which a bond is not required pursuant to the provisions of paragraph d of this subdivision. c. Any surety issuing a bond pursuant to this subdivision shall be required to provide sixty days' notice to the commissioner prior to the effective date of cancellation of the bond. d. For purposes of this subdivision, the term "motor vehicle" means a motor vehicle commonly classified as a passenger automobile, sport utility vehicle, light truck, pick up truck, van, minivan, or suburban, with a gross vehicle weight rating of ten thousand pounds or less. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs a and b of this subdivision, the requirement to post a surety bond as set forth in this subdivision shall not apply to any dealer who is engaged exclusively in the business of buying, selling or dealing in motor vehicles other than those motor vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating of ten thousand pounds or less and which are commonly classified as a passenger automobile, sport utility vehicle, light truck, pick up truck, van, minivan, or suburban, such as buses, school buses, garbage trucks, marine trailers, tow trucks, motorcycles, recreational vehicles, snowmobiles, trailers, mobile homes, or construction equipment. Provided, further, that such requirement also shall not apply to any dealer who is engaged exclusively in the business of buying, selling or dealing in motor vehicles solely for conversion for use as a tow truck. 7. Issuance of certificate. a. If the commissioner is satisfied that the applicant for a new motor vehicle dealer registration certificate is party to a franchise or franchises authorizing such applicant to sell or lease lines or makes of new motor vehicles which the applicant proposes to sell or lease from the locations described in the application for the sale or lease of such lines or makes and if the commissioner otherwise approves the application, upon payment of the prescribed fee, he or she shall issue a new motor vehicle dealer registration certificate in such form as he or she may prescribe. Every new motor vehicle dealer registration certificate shall by its terms permit the sale or lease of the particular lines or makes of new motor vehicles only from a location or locations authorized for such sale or lease in the franchise or franchises between such new motor vehicle dealer and the manufacturers or distributors of such new motor vehicles. The commissioner may, in his or her discretion, issue such certificates of registration and number plates on a staggered expiration basis, in which event the fees set forth in subdivision six of this section for such certificate shall be prorated on a monthly basis. A new motor vehicle dealer registered under this section shall notify the commissioner of any change of address of the locations of his or her place or places of business and whether or not such locations are approved as locations for the sale or lease of new motor vehicles in a franchise and which lines or makes are so approved for sale or lease at each location pursuant to the franchise or franchises within thirty days after such change is made, and the commissioner shall be authorized to cancel the registration upon failure to give such notice. A copy of each franchise affected by any such change or other proof satisfactory to the commissioner shall accompany the notice to the commissioner. If any location shall cease to be approved by the new motor vehicle manufacturer or distributor for the sale or lease of the line or make of new motor vehicle, then such new motor vehicle dealer shall immediately cease selling or leasing such line or make of new motor vehicle from such location and shall notify the commissioner within thirty days of such change, after which such new motor vehicle dealer registration certificate shall be modified to reflect such change. b. Registration certificate for qualified dealer. If a dealer makes application, under penalty of perjury, for a registration certificate as a qualified dealer, the commissioner shall issue a registration as a qualified dealer to such dealer upon payment of the prescribed fee. c. Registration certificate for other than new motor vehicle dealer or qualified dealer. If the commissioner approves the application of an applicant for a registration certificate other than a new motor vehicle dealer certificate or a qualified dealer certificate, upon payment of the prescribed fee, he or she shall issue a registration certificate in such form as he or she may prescribe. d. The commissioner may, in his or her discretion, issue such certificates of registration and number plates on a staggered expiration basis, in which event the fees set forth in subdivision six of this section for such certificate shall be prorated on a monthly basis. A registrant shall notify the commissioner of any change of address of his or her principal place of business within thirty days after such change is made, and the commissioner shall be authorized to cancel the registration upon failure to give such notice. e. A registration issued under this section may be renewed upon application therefor in such form as the commissioner may prescribe, upon payment of the fee as herein prescribed. f. The commissioner shall not issue any certificate of registration authorized by this section to any franchisor, as such term is defined in section four hundred sixty-two of this title, except that the commissioner may renew such certificate previously issued or otherwise approved to operate to a franchisor prior to May second, two thousand two. 8. Use. Transporter number plates issued under this section shall be used only for the limited operation of vehicles owned or controlled by the registrant for the purpose of weighing, testing, dismantling, transporting or delivering the same, or for the purpose of moving such vehicles in connection with making installations thereon or improvements thereto, or the repossession or foreclosure thereof, or for the operation, for demonstration purposes, of any vehicle owned by a manufacturer, or for transporting or delivering the vehicle upon which the plates are displayed and additional vehicles carried in whole or in part upon such vehicle. Except as provided in section four hundred sixteen of this article, dealer number plates issued under this section may be used for all purposes for which transporter plates may be used and, in addition, may be used for the operation of any vehicle owned or controlled by the registrant and held for sale or demonstration, except a vehicle rented to another, a vehicle used to transport passengers for hire, a vehicle commonly called a "tow truck" or "wrecker" and used by the dealer for such purposes, a vehicle equipped for the purpose of towing or pushing disabled or nonoperated vehicles or a commercial or suburban type vehicle used by the dealer for commercial purposes other than directly affecting the sale or demonstration of that particular vehicle. In addition, dealer or transporter number plates may be used for any non-self-propelled device used for the transport of modular homes. Dealer or transporter number plates issued upon renewal of a dealer or transporter registration may be used during the thirty day period immediately preceding the expiration date of such registration, including such expiration date. 9. Suspension, revocation and refusal to issue or to renew a registration. The commissioner or any person deputized by him may deny the application of any person for registration under this section and suspend or revoke a registration under this section or refuse to issue a renewal thereof if he or such deputy determines that such applicant or registrant or any officer, director, stockholder, or partner, or any other person directly or indirectly interested in the business: a. Has made a material false statement in his application; or b. Has used or permitted the use of number plates contrary to law; or c. Has been guilty of fraud or fraudulent practices, or has practiced dishonest or misleading advertising; or d. Has failed to comply with any of the rules and regulations of the commissioner for the enforcement of this article or with any provision of this chapter applicable thereto; or e. Has wilfully violated any provisions of the motor vehicle retail instalment sales act, the motor vehicle retail leasing act or section one hundred ninety-eight-c of the general business law; or f. Does not have a place of business within the meaning of this section; or g. Has been convicted of any crime involving dishonesty or deceit; or h. Was the former holder, or was an officer, director, stockholder, or partner, in a corporation or partnership which was the former holder of a dealer's registration, which was suspended or revoked by the commissioner. 9-a. Hearings; temporary suspension. (a) No registration shall be suspended or revoked, or renewal refused, except upon notice to the registrant and after an opportunity to be heard. Provided however, upon a written notice of temporary suspension delivered by certified mail to the registrant, a registration may be temporarily suspended pending a hearing. Any such notice of temporary suspension shall provide that the suspension is effective seventy-two hours after mailing of such notice and shall provide that a hearing be scheduled within ten days after the effective date of the temporary suspension. (b) The applicant may be heard in person or by counsel. The hearing shall be at such time and place as the commissioner shall prescribe. The commissioner or the commissioner's designee may inspect the pertinent books, records, letters and contracts of a registrant relating to any written complaint or charge against such registrant. The commissioner or the commissioner's designee shall have the power to subpoena and bring before a hearing officer any person in this state, and administer an oath to and take testimony of any person or cause the person's deposition to be taken. A subpoena issued under this section shall be regulated by the civil practice law and rules. 10. Suspension and revocation of number plates. The commissioner may suspend or revoke number plates issued pursuant to subdivision four of this section, if he determines that the registrant to whom these plates have been issued has used or permitted the use of such number plates contrary to law or to the regulations of the commissioner with respect to the use thereof. The registrant to whom such number plates have been issued shall have an opportunity to be heard, and the provisions of subdivision nine of this section shall apply to hearings held under this subdivision, and to review of determinations made by the commissioner hereunder. 11. Following the suspension or revocation of the certificate of registration of a dealer or transporter or number plates, pursuant to this section, the failure of the holder or any other person possessing the certificate of registration, number plates or certificates of sale issued to a dealer pursuant to the regulations of the commissioner, to deliver the same to the suspending or revoking officer, peace officer acting pursuant to his special duties, police officer directed by the commissioner to secure possession thereof, or agent of the commissioner, displaying authorization to act in such capacity along with a certified copy of the order revoking or suspending such registration or number plates, shall be a misdemeanor. If any person shall fail to deliver a certificate of registration, number plates or certificates of sale as provided herein, the commissioner shall forthwith direct any peace officer acting pursuant to his special duties or police officer to secure possession thereof and to return the same to the commissioner. 12. The commissioner, or any person deputized by him, in addition to or in lieu of revoking or suspending the certificate of registration of a registrant in accordance with the provisions of this article, may in any one proceeding by order require the registrant to pay to the people of this state a penalty for a first violation a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars for each violation found to have been committed; and for a second or subsequent violation not arising out of the same incident both of which were committed within a period of thirty months, a sum of not more than one thousand five hundred dollars for each violation found to have been committed; provided, however, the penalty for each and any violation of paragraph c of subdivision nine of this section found to have been committed shall be no less than three hundred and fifty dollars and no more than one thousand five hundred dollars, except that if a finding of financial loss has been made pursuant to subdivision fourteen of this section, the amount of such penalty may be increased by the amount of financial loss so found, and upon the failure of such registrant to pay such penalty within twenty days after the mailing of such order, postage prepaid, registered or certified, and addressed to the last known place of business of such registrant, unless such order is stayed by an order of a court of competent jurisdiction, the commissioner may revoke the certificate of registration of such registrant or may suspend the same for such period as he may determine. Civil penalties assessed under this subdivision shall be paid to the commissioner for deposit into the state treasury, and unpaid civil penalties may be recovered by the commissioner in a civil action in the name of the commissioner. 13. In addition, as an alternative to such civil action and provided that no proceeding for judicial review shall then be pending and the time for initiation of such proceeding shall have expired, the commissioner may file with the county clerk of the county in which the registrant is located a final order of the commissioner containing the amount of the penalty assessed. The filing of such final order shall have the full force and effect of a judgment duly docketed in the office of such clerk and may be enforced in the same manner and with the same effect as that provided by law in respect to executions issued against property upon judgments of a court of record. 14. Restitution; assessment. a. Upon a determination that a registrant has done or failed to do any act for which suspension of the registrant's registration or a civil penalty against the registrant could be imposed, the person making such determination may make a finding of financial loss to any complainant or complainants resulting from the actions of the registrant. The person making such finding may provide that if the registrant makes restitution to the complainant or complainants for the amount or amounts so found, that payment of such restitution may be substituted in lieu of any suspension or civil penalty, or a specified portion thereof imposed upon the registrant. However, a finding of financial loss shall only be made if the complainant (i) agrees to accept the amount so found, if offered by the registrant, and (ii) is not a party to any litigation which is pending or which has gone to judgment in relation to the same matter in any civil court. b. The amount of financial loss which may be found and proposed as restitution shall be limited to an amount necessary to compensate the complainant or complainants for actual losses caused by the registrant's improper activity. Neither punitive nor incidental damages may be included in the finding of financial loss. c. If payment of restitution to the complainant is authorized in lieu of all or a portion of a suspension or civil penalty, in order for the registrant to exercise the option to make such payment, such payment must be made by means of a certified check or money order payable to the complainant or complainants delivered to an office of the department as directed by the commissioner or his agent within thirty days of the date of notice of suspension and/or civil penalty. Upon receipt of such certified check or money order, the department shall forward the same to the complainant or complainants. In the event that the registrant should fail to make payment for restitution within such thirty days, but, at a later time, pays such civil penalty, the department shall deduct from such civil penalty the amount assessed for restitution, and shall mail a check for such amount to the complainant or complainants. d. If payment of restitution may be substituted in lieu of a civil penalty or portion of a civil penalty, and the registrant does not exercise the option to make such payment, the civil penalty becomes due as provided in subdivision twelve of this section and the provisions of that subdivision and subdivision thirteen of this section relating to suspension of registration and recovery of civil penalties shall apply. e. Any payment made in compliance with such a finding of financial loss shall not preclude any civil action which may be brought by either the complainant or registrant, and any such finding may be considered but shall not be binding upon any court before which any such action is brought. 15. Miscellaneous provisions. The commissioner may, in his discretion, limit the number of sets of number plates which shall be issued to any registrant. The provisions of subdivision three of section four hundred one of this chapter with respect to the fee for lost, mutilated or destroyed certificates and number plates shall apply to certificates and number plates issued under this section. In the event of the loss or theft of any dealer or transporter number plate or set of such number plates whether with or without a date tag or tags, or any date tag or set of date tags, the dealer must immediately notify the police of such fact and in the event of loss, theft, mutilation or destruction of any such items the dealer must immediately file a statement and proof of the facts as the commissioner shall require. The provisions of section four hundred two and four hundred eleven of this chapter with respect to the care and display of number plates shall apply to number plates issued under this section. Registration under this section shall be upon the condition that the registrant shall conform to such reasonable requirements as shall be prescribed by the commissioner. The commissioner may, in his discretion, require a registrant to maintain a record in a prescribed form of all vehicles received or disposed of by him, which records shall be open at all times for inspection by the commissioner, his representatives and any peace officer, acting pursuant to his special duties, or police officer. If registration under this section shall be issued in the names of two or more persons as partners and a change occurs in the membership of such partnership, the registration shall not expire so long as any one of the persons named in such registration is a member of the partnership or carries on the business of the partnership as surviving member of the partnership. However, when any such change occurs and the registration does not expire, the partners or surviving member after such change shall forthwith file with the commissioner a statement regarding such partnership in such form and giving such information as the commissioner shall require, and the commissioner shall issue a new certificate of registration. 16. Unregistered operation; operation while suspended or revoked; procedures and penalties. a. The commissioner or any person deputized by him shall hear and determine any allegation that a person has operated as a dealer without being registered as required by subdivision three of this section or while registration is suspended or revoked. Upon a determination that a person has so operated, the commissioner or person deputized by him shall assess civil penalties as provided in paragraphs b and c of this subdivision. b. Except as provided in paragraph c of this subdivision, any person who operates as a dealer without being registered shall be required to pay to the people of this state a civil penalty in the sum of one thousand dollars. However, any such person against whom such penalty has been assessed may avoid all but five hundred dollars of such penalty by obtaining a registration as required by this article, provided that application for such registration is made not more than ten days after the imposition of such penalty. c. (i) Any person who operates as a dealer while his registration is revoked or suspended, shall pay to the people of this state a civil penalty in the sum of one thousand dollars. Such civil penalty may not be avoided. (ii) Any person who operates as a dealer without being registered as required by subdivision three of this section who has previously had a civil penalty assessed for unregistered operation shall pay to the people of this state a civil penalty in the sum of one thousand dollars. Such civil penalty may not be avoided. d. The commissioner, or any person deputized by him, in addition to imposing a civil penalty for unregistered operation as a dealer, may, in any one proceeding, make a determination that the unregistered dealer has caused a financial loss to a complainant or complainants and may increase the civil penalty by the amount of financial loss. The person making such finding may provide that if the unregistered dealer makes restitution to the complainant or complainants for the amount or amounts so found, that payment of such restitution may be substituted for the increase in the civil penalty caused by the finding of financial loss. However, a finding of financial loss shall only be made if the complainant (i) agrees to accept the amount so found, if offered by the unregistered dealer, and (ii) is not a party to any litigation which is pending or in which judgment has been entered in any civil action in any court of competent jurisdiction. e. Civil penalties assessed under this section shall be paid to the commissioner for deposit into the state treasury, and unpaid civil penalties may be recovered by the commissioner in a civil action in the name of the commissioner. In addition, as an alternative to such civil action and provided that no proceeding for judicial review shall then be pending and the time for initiation of such proceeding shall have expired, the commissioner may file with the county clerk of the county in which the registrant is located a final order of the commissioner containing the amount of the penalty assessed. The filing of such final order shall have the full force and effect of a judgment duly docketed in the office of such clerk and may be enforced in the same manner and with the same effect as that provided by law in respect to executions issued against property upon judgments of a court of record. f. No allegation of unregistered operation as a dealer shall be heard or determined unless notice of such allegation has been mailed to such person within two years after the date of the alleged unregistered operation. 17. Improper display of signs. a. The holder of a dealer registration shall remove or cause to be removed any sign which contains the registration number of the dealer which is visible to the public and which is required to be displayed by this article or regulations promulgated thereunder if the registration is revoked or suspended or the dealer is out of business. If the registration is only suspended, the holder may cover up the sign instead of removing it. b. No person shall permit the display of any sign required to be displayed by this article or regulations promulgated thereunder indicating to the public that an official dealer is operating unless a dealer registration has been issued to that person and is currently valid. 18. Rights of dealers. The rights of all new motor vehicle dealers under this article may be exercised from any location or locations which are from time to time approved by their franchisors and the commissioner as prescribed in this article. The rights of all qualified dealers under this article may be exercised from any location or locations from which they operate from time to time; provided, however, that no qualified dealer shall operate from more than two locations within the four counties of Kings, Queens, Nassau, and Suffolk; and provided further that no qualified dealer shall operate from more than one location in any one county. The total number of locations from which a qualified dealer may operate shall not exceed that number of locations operated by such qualified dealer on December thirty-first, nineteen hundred ninety-eight. It shall be unlawful for any person to interfere with the rights of, or discriminate against, any new motor vehicle dealer or any qualified dealer under this article. The commissioner shall penalize those persons who violate the provisions of this section as enacted by chapter four hundred fifty-one of the laws of nineteen hundred ninety-nine and the chapter of the laws of two thousand which amended this subdivision as provided by this section. Nothing contained in this article shall be construed to prohibit a new motor vehicle dealer, a qualified dealer, or a dealer, respectively, from utilizing the internet to engage in such activities as each are respectively permitted under this article and under other applicable laws, or affect where a new motor vehicle dealer or a qualified dealer may deliver a new motor vehicle. 19. Disclosures by qualified dealers; penalties. a. Every qualified dealer who advertises in newspapers, magazines, or by direct mail the availability of new motor vehicles for sale shall clearly disclose that such qualified dealer is not a franchised new motor vehicle dealer. b. Every qualified dealer shall prominently and conspicuously post a sign, in such a manner that it is likely to be noticeable to anyone entering the premises, which sign shall clearly state: "(name of qualified dealer) is not a franchised dealership and does not represent a manufacturer. We are not authorized to perform recall or original factory warranty work." c. Every contract for the sale of a new motor vehicle entered into by a qualified dealer and the purchaser shall contain the following statement: "(name of qualified dealer) is not a franchised dealership and does not represent a manufacturer. We are not authorized to perform recall or original factory warranty work." d. A qualified dealer who fails to comply with the requirements of this subdivision, shall be subject to the penalties provided by this section. Further, a person who has purchased a new motor vehicle from a qualified dealer pursuant to a contract which does not contain the disclosure required under paragraph c of this subdivision, shall be entitled to rescind the sale and obtain full restitution of any amounts paid, plus reasonable court costs and attorneys fees, within four months of the date of purchase. 20. Restrictions on transferability and operation of certain qualified dealerships. a. A qualified dealer may sell, devise, assign, convey or otherwise transfer any or all of its assets, including without limitation all rights to conduct the activities of a qualified dealer hereunder and further, the owner of an equity interest in a qualified dealership may sell, devise, assign, convey or otherwise transfer any or all of its equity interest in such qualified dealership, subject to the conditions set forth in this subdivision. To the extent that such qualified dealer conducts such activities at more than one location as permitted under this article, then such qualified dealer may transfer such rights on a location by location basis; provided, however, that such a transferee shall acquire no greater rights to relocate than those of his or her transferor, and provided further below, that such transferee shall remain subject to the provisions of this subdivision exactly as they applied to his or her transferor. b. A transferee who acquires the assets and/or an equity interest in a qualified dealer as defined in subparagraph (ii), (iii) or (iv) of paragraph g of subdivision one of this section and is the parent, spouse, child or sibling of an individual who was an equity holder of such qualified dealer may conduct activities as specified pursuant to this section without restriction. c. A transferee who acquires substantially all of the assets and/or a controlling equity interest in a qualified dealer as defined in subparagraph (ii), (iii) or (iv) of paragraph g of subdivision one of this section who is not the parent, spouse, child or sibling of an individual who was an equity holder of such qualified dealer may conduct activities as specified pursuant to this section; provided, however, that such transferee, in any calendar year, shall not be permitted to sell more than one hundred ten percent of the number of new motor vehicles sold by the transferor or qualified dealer during the twelve month period ending on the last day of the calendar month preceding the date of transfer of such rights. d. A transferee who acquires ten per cent or more of an equity interest after August 31, 1999 in a qualified dealer as defined in subparagraph (ii), (iii), or (iv) of paragragh g of subdivision one of this section and is a publicly traded corporation may conduct activities as specified pursuant to this section; provided, however, that such transferee, in any calendar year, shall not be permitted to sell more than one hundred ten percent of the number of new motor vehicles sold by the transferor or qualified dealer during the twelve month period ending on the last day of the calendar month preceding the date of transfer of such rights. e. Each transferee who acquires substantially all of the assets and/or a controlling equity interest in a qualified dealer from a transferee as defined in paragraph b, c or d of this subdivision shall not be permitted to sell a number of new motor vehicles in any calendar year in excess of the number of new motor vehicles sold by such transferor qualified dealer during the twelve month period ending on the last day of the calendar month preceding the date of transfer of such rights. f. The rights of a qualified dealer under subparagraph (ii), (iii) or (iv) of paragraph g of subdivision one of this section are also deemed transferred for purposes hereof in the event that, after August thirty-first, nineteen hundred ninety-nine, (i) the controlling equity interest of such qualified dealer is transferred (in any one or series of transactions) to any person or persons, other than the parent, spouse, child or sibling of an individual who is an equity holder of such qualified dealer, or (ii) there occurs any merger, combination or consolidation of, with or into the business entity which constitutes such qualified dealer. g. Nothing contained herein shall (i) prohibit a qualified dealer or the parent, spouse, child or sibling who is the equity holder of such qualified dealer from forming a corporation or limited liability company to operate and wholly own the qualified dealer; (ii) restrict the ability of a qualified dealer to transfer a controlling equity interest to a corporation or a limited liability company operated and wholly owned by an individual who is an equity holder of such qualified dealer; or (iii) restrict the ability of a qualified dealer to transfer an equity interest in the stock and/or assets of a qualified dealer to a full-time employee of such qualified dealer. S 415-a. Vehicle dismantlers and other persons engaged in the transfer or disposal of junk and salvage vehicles. 1. Definition and registration of vehicle dismantlers. A vehicle dismantler is any person who is engaged in the business of acquiring motor vehicles or trailers for the purpose of dismantling the same for parts or reselling such vehicles as scrap. No person shall engage in the business of or operate as a vehicle dismantler unless there shall have been issued to him a registration in accordance with the provisions of this section. A violation of this subdivision shall be a class E felony. 1-a. Definition and registration of salvage pools. A salvage pool is any person, acting on behalf of the vehicle owner or an insurance company, who sells, offers for sale or solicits bids for the sale of junk or salvage vehicles or major component parts of such vehicles, or displays or permits the display of such vehicles or parts upon premises owned or controlled by him, but who does not dismantle vehicles. No person shall engage in business as a salvage pool unless there shall have been issued to him a registration in accordance with the provisions of this section. A violation of this subdivision shall be a class A misdemeanor. 1-b. Definition and registration of mobile car crushers. A mobile car crusher is any person who engages in the business of operating a transportable car crusher, but who does not acquire ownership of the vehicles which he crushes. No person shall engage in the business of or operate as a mobile car crusher unless there shall have been issued to him a registration in accordance with the provisions of this section. A violation of this subdivision shall be a class A misdemeanor. 1-c. Itinerant vehicle collectors. An itinerant vehicle collector is any person who is engaged in the business of acquiring non-operable vehicles and who sells such vehicles or major component parts thereof to a vehicle dismantler or scrap processor. No person shall engage in business as an itinerant vehicle collector unless there shall have been issued to him a registration in accordance with the provisions of this section. A violation of this subdivision shall be a class A misdemeanor. 2. Application for registration. An application for registration as a vehicle dismantler, salvage pool, mobile car crusher or itinerant vehicle collector shall be made to the commissioner on a form prescribed by him which shall contain the name and address of the applicant and the names and addresses of all persons having a financial interest in the business. Such application shall contain a listing of all felony convictions and all other convictions relating to the illegal sale or possession of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle parts, and a listing of all arrests for any such violations by the applicant and any other person required to be named in such application. On and after January first, nineteen hundred ninety-two, such application for or renewal of registration as a vehicle dismantler shall, in addition to the foregoing, contain a statement indicating that the applicant has purchased approved motor vehicle refrigerant recycling equipment or refrigerant recapturing equipment in accordance with section 38-0107 of the environmental conservation law. Applicants who are vehicle dismantlers must submit along with their application either a manufacturer's certificate issued upon purchase or an invoice with proof of payment. All such documents shall contain the name and address of the repair shop and manufacturer, the date purchased, and the serial numbers of the units acquired. The application shall also contain the business address of the applicant and may contain any other information required by the commissioner. 3. Fees. The annual fee for registration as a vehicle dismantler, salvage pool, mobile car crusher or itinerant vehicle collector shall be fifty dollars. Upon approval of an application, an appropriate registration shall be issued for a period of time determined by the commissioner and if issued for a period of more or less than one year, the fee shall be prorated on a monthly basis. Fees assessed under this section shall be paid to the commissioner for deposit to the general fund. 4. Requirements for registration. (a) Except as otherwise provided herein, no registration shall be issued or renewed unless the applicant has a permanent place of business at which the activity requiring registration is performed which conforms to section one hundred thirty-six of the general municipal law as such section applies and to all local laws or ordinances and the applicant and all persons having a financial interest in the business have been determined by the commissioner to be fit persons to engage in such business. However, the commissioner may issue a temporary registration pending final investigation of an application. (b) The provisions of this subdivision requiring a place of business at which the activity requiring registration is performed shall not apply to a mobile car crusher nor to an itinerant vehicle collector. However, the mobile car crusher or itinerant vehicle collector must otherwise comply with all applicable local licensing laws or ordinances. (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (a) of this subdivision, the commissioner may issue a registration to an applicant for registration as a vehicle dismantler or salvage pool to a person who may not comply with local laws relating to zoning provided that the applicant has engaged in business at that location as a vehicle dismantler since September first, nineteen hundred seventy-three. However, the issuance of such registration shall not be a defense with respect to any action brought with respect to violation of any such local law. 5. Records and identification. (a) Any records required by this section shall apply only to vehicles or parts of vehicles for which a certificate of title has been issued by the commissioner or which would be eligible to have such a certificate of title issued. Every person required to be registered pursuant to this section shall maintain a record of all motor vehicles, trailers, and major component parts thereof, coming into his possession together with a record of the disposition of any such motor vehicle, trailer or part thereof and the date such motor vehicle, trailer or part thereof is received and shall maintain proof of ownership for any motor vehicle, trailer or major component part thereof while in his possession. For the purposes of this article an inflatable restraint system shall be a major component part. Such records shall be maintained in a manner and form prescribed by the commissioner. The commissioner may, by regulation, exempt vehicles or major component parts of vehicles from all or a portion of the record keeping requirements based upon the age of the vehicle if the commissioner deems that such record keeping requirements would not further the purposes of the motor vehicle theft prevention program established by section two hundred twenty-three of this chapter. Upon request of an agent of the commissioner or of any police officer and during his regular and usual business hours, a vehicle dismantler shall produce such records and permit said agent or police officer to examine them and any vehicles or parts of vehicles which are subject to the record keeping requirements of this section and which are on the premises. Upon request of any agent of the commissioner and during his regular and usual business hours, a salvage pool, mobile car crusher or itinerant vehicle collector shall produce such records and permit said agent or police officer to examine them and any vehicles or parts of vehicles which are subject to the record keeping requirements of this section and which are on the premises. The failure to produce such records or to permit such inspection on the part of any person required to be registered pursuant to this section as required by this paragraph shall be a class A misdemeanor. (b) Every vehicle dismantler and salvage pool shall display at his place of business at least one sign upon which his registration number and any other information required by the commissioner is affixed in a manner prescribed by the commissioner and further shall affix his registration number on all advertising, business cards, and vehicles used by him in connection with his business. The commissioner is hereby empowered to require, by regulation, that vehicle dismantlers and salvage pools mark, stamp or tag major component parts of vehicles in their possession in a manner prescribed by the commissioner so as to enable the part so marked to be identified as having come from a particular vehicle and from a particular vehicle dismantler and salvage pool. A violation of this paragraph shall be a class A misdemeanor. 5-a. Improper display of signs. (a) The holder of a vehicle dismantler or salvage pool registration shall remove or cause to be removed any sign which contains the license number of the facility which is visible to the public and which is required to be displayed by this article or regulations promulgated thereunder if the registration is revoked or suspended or the vehicle dismantler or salvage pool is out of business. If the registration is only suspended, the holder may cover up the sign instead of removing it. (b) No person shall permit the display of any sign required to be displayed by this article or regulations promulgated thereunder indicating to the public that an official vehicle dismantler or salvage pool is operating unless a dismantler or salvage pool registration has been issued to that person and is currently valid. 6. Suspension, revocation and refusal to renew a registration; civil penalty. (a) A registration may be suspended or revoked, or renewal of a registration refused upon a conviction of any provision of the penal law relating to motor vehicle theft, illegal possession of a stolen vehicle or illegal possession of stolen motor vehicle parts, or after the registrant has had an opportunity to be heard upon any change of status of the registrant which would have resulted in refusal to issue a registration, any false statement in an application for a registration, an egregious and willful violation of title twenty-three of article twenty-seven of the environmental conservation law, any violation of subdivision five of this section or regulations promulgated by the commissioner with respect to this section, or any violation of title ten of this chapter. (b) Civil penalty. The commissioner, or any person deputized by him, in addition to or in lieu of revoking or suspending the registration of a registrant in accordance with the provisions of this article, may in any one proceeding by order require the registrant to pay to the people of this state a civil penalty in a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars for each violation and upon the failure of such registrant to pay such penalty within twenty days after the mailing of such order, postage prepaid, registered or certified, and addressed to the last known place of business of such registrant, unless such order is stayed by an order of a court of competent jurisdiction, the commissioner may revoke the registration of such registrant or may suspend the same for such period as he may determine. Civil penalties assessed under this subdivision shall be paid to the commissioner for deposit into the state treasury, and unpaid civil penalties may be recovered by the commissioner in a civil action in the name of the commissioner. (c) In addition, as an alternative to such civil action and provided that no proceeding for judicial review shall then be pending and the time for initiation of such proceeding shall have expired, the commissioner may file with the county clerk of the county in which the registrant is located a final order of the commissioner containing the amount of the penalty assessed. The filing of such final order shall have the full force and effect of a judgment duly docketed in the office of such clerk and may be enforced in the same manner and with the same effect as that provided by law in respect to executions issued against property upon judgments of a court of record. 7. Registration as a dealer and as a vehicle dismantler or salvage pool. A person may be registered as a dealer under section four hundred fifteen of this chapter as well as a vehicle dismantler or a salvage pool under this section. However, any such person must obtain a separate registration for each activity and must maintain separate records for each activity. 8. Vehicle rebuilders. (a) A vehicle rebuilder is any person engaged in the business of acquiring damaged vehicles for the purpose of repairing and reselling such vehicles. In order to engage in such business, a person must be registered as a vehicle dismantler pursuant to this section or as a dealer pursuant to section four hundred fifteen of this chapter. (b) A vehicle rebuilder shall maintain a record of all vehicles or major component parts thereof coming into his possession for the purpose of rebuilding and all major component parts used in connection with such rebuilding in a manner prescribed by the commissioner. Upon request of an agent of the commissioner or any police officer during his regular and usual business hours, a vehicle rebuilder shall produce such records and permit said agent or police officer to examine them and any vehicles or parts of vehicles which are subject to the record keeping requirements of this section and which are on the premises. The failure to produce such records or to permit such records or to permit such inspection as required by this paragraph shall be a class A misdemeanor. 9. Scrap processor. (a) A scrap processor is any person required to be licensed under article six-C of the general business law who purchases material which is or may have been a vehicle or vehicle part for processing into a form other than a vehicle or vehicle part, but who, except as otherwise provided by regulation of the commissioner, does not sell any such material as a motor vehicle, a trailer or a major component part thereof. No person shall engage in business or operate as a scrap processor as defined in this paragraph unless he has given notice to the commissioner that he is a scrap processor and that he has complied with article six-C of the general business law, and he has been certified by the commissioner as a scrap processor. A violation of this paragraph shall be a class A misdemeanor. (b) A scrap processor shall maintain a record of vehicles and a record of major component parts by weight coming into his possession thereof in a manner prescribed by the commissioner. This paragraph shall not apply to any major component part included in a mixed load. Upon request of an agent of the commissioner or any police officer or during his regular and usual business hours, a scrap processor shall produce such records and permit such agent or police officer to inspect them and to inspect any vehicles or major component parts of vehicles at the time of the delivery of such vehicles or parts to him. The failure to produce such records or to permit such inspection as required by this paragraph shall be a class A misdemeanor. 10. Scrap collectors and repair shops. (a) A scrap collector is any person, other than a governmental agency, whose primary business is the collection of miscellaneous scrap for disposal, who may as an incident of such business collect vehicular parts as scrap. No person shall engage in the business or operate as a scrap collector as defined in this paragraph unless he has given notice to the commissioner that he is a scrap collector and has been certified as a scrap collector by the commissioner. A violation of this provision shall be a class A misdemeanor. No person shall be certified as a scrap collector eligible to do business within a city having a population of one million or more, or any county contiguous to such city, unless such person complies with all local requirements applicable to such business. (b) If required by regulation of the commissioner, a scrap collector shall keep records of his acquisition and disposition of vehicular scrap in a manner prescribed by the commissioner. Upon request of an agent of the commissioner or any police officer, a scrap collector shall produce such records as may be required to be kept and permit said agent or police officer to inspect them during usual business hours or while business is being conducted. The failure to produce such records as required by this paragraph shall be a class A misdemeanor. (c) A repair shop registered pursuant to article twelve-A of this chapter which disposes of vehicular scrap to a certified scrap processor shall apply to the commissioner for certification to carry out this disposal. The repair shop shall include in the application for certification the names and addresses of those scrap processors with whom it arranges for the disposal of its scrap. Thereafter the repair shop shall give notice to the commissioner within thirty days of any change in the scrap processors with whom it deals. The failure to comply with this paragraph or to make fraudulent statements regarding the scrap processors with which a repair shop arranges for the disposal of vehicular scrap shall be a class A misdemeanor. 11. Out-of-state businesses. A person doing business in this state who does not have a place of business in this state, but has a place of business or engages in such business in another state or province of Canada and who would be required to be registered or certified pursuant to this section if it were in this state, shall apply to the commissioner for an identification number in a manner prescribed by the commissioner. Such identification number shall be issued provided that such person complies with all the laws and regulations of the jurisdiction in which he has his principal place of business or engages in such business applicable to such business. 12. Identification of certified persons. (a) Every person who is certified or who has been issued an identification number by the commissioner shall display such certification or identification number upon any vehicle used by him for the business of transporting vehicles or parts of vehicles, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the commissioner. (b) It shall be a class A misdemeanor for any person required to be registered or certified pursuant to the provisions of this section to transport a vehicle or major component parts out of New York state without having and displaying his registration or certification number as provided for in this section. 13. Suspension or revocation of identification number or certification. An identification number and/or certification issued pursuant to subdivision eight, nine, ten or eleven of this section may be suspended or revoked upon conviction of any provision of the penal law relating to motor vehicle theft, illegal possession of a stolen vehicle or illegal possession of stolen motor vehicle parts. The commissioner may also revoke or suspend registration or certification, after an appropriate hearing where the holder of the registration or certification has had an opportunity to be heard, upon a finding of: (a) that there has been a change to the holder's status which would have resulted in a refusal to issue in the first instance, or (b) that the issuance was based upon a false statement by the holder, or (c) that there was a violation of the record keeping requirements, or (d) that there was a violation of the regulations promulgated by the commissioner pursuant to this section, or (e) that there was a violation of title X of this chapter. 14. Restrictions on scrap processors. A certified scrap processor shall not purchase any material which may have been a vehicle or a major component part of a vehicle, if recognizable as such, from any person other than a dealer registered pursuant to section four hundred fifteen of this chapter, an insurance company, a governmental agency, a person in whose name a certificate of title or other ownership document has been issued for such vehicle or a person registered or certified or issued an identification number pursuant to this section. A violation of this subdivision shall be a class A misdemeanor. 15. Regulations. The commissioner shall prescribe such rules and regulations as he shall deem necessary to carry out the provisions of this section. S 415-b. Local regulation of vehicle dismantlers in cities having a population in excess of one million. The legislative body of any city having a population in excess of one million may, by local law: 1. provide for the licensing of vehicle dismantlers as defined in subdivision one of section four hundred fifteen-a of this chapter by the department of consumer affairs of such city, and further provide that no person may act as a vehicle dismantler in such city without having obtained a license from such department. The provisions of such local law shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of this article or any rule or regulation promulgated thereunder; and 2. adopt any other provisions relating to the operation of the business of a vehicle dismantler which are neither duplicative of, nor inconsistent with, any provision of this article or any rule or regulation promulgated thereunder. S 415-c. Sale of salvaged inflatable restraint systems; restrictions. 1. On and after January first, nineteen hundred ninety-seven, prior to offering any salvaged inflatable restraint system for sale such salvaged inflatable restraint system part indentification number and the vehicle identification number of the vehicle from which the salvaged inflatable restraint system was taken shall be referred to a nationally recognized theft index bureau approved by the commissioner, in consultation with the superintendent of financial services, for the purposes of determining prior to sale that neither the salvaged inflatable restraint system nor the motor vehicle were stolen, as determined at the time of inquiry. The sales invoice shall state the date and the result of the inquiry to such theft index bureau. 2. On and after March first, nineteen hundred ninety-nine, prior to offering any salvaged inflatable restraint system for sale such salvaged inflatable restraint system shall be certified according to standards established by a nationally recognized testing, engineering and research body approved by the commissioner in consultation with the superintendent of financial services. S 416. Limited use of dealer's and transporter's number plates by vendee or lessee. Upon the sale or lease of a motor vehicle or motorcycle the vendee or lessee shall be allowed to operate the same upon the public highways for the period of five days after taking possession thereof, without carrying number plates issued upon a registration under section four hundred one, if a motor vehicle, or under section four hundred ten, if a motorcycle, provided the motor vehicle or motorcycle shall have attached thereto and displayed thereon, in the manner therein provided, a set of dealer's or transporter's number plates issued to the vendor or lessor under section four hundred fifteen, and if a proper application for registration and number plates for such vehicle, under the provisions of section four hundred one or four hundred ten, as the case may be, shall have been mailed or presented to the commissioner, or agent, accompanied with the payment of the required fee within twenty-four hours after he has taken possession thereof. If the motor vehicle or motorcycle is to be registered in a jurisdiction other than the state of New York, the requirement for filing or presenting such application shall not apply. No person shall operate or drive upon the public highways any motor vehicle or motorcycle on which is fastened or displayed any such dealer's or transporter's number plates after a sale or lease of such vehicle by the dealer or lessor, except in compliance with the foregoing provisions. A vendee or lessee to whom number plates are delivered or by whom they are held under the provisions of this section shall return the same, and the accompanying registration certificate, to the dealer or lessor before the expiration of six days after he took possession of the motor vehicle or motorcycle purchased or leased. If number plates so delivered or held, or such certificate, are not returned within the time above limited, the dealer or lessor shall immediately notify the commissioner of that fact by mail, describing the plates according to the general and distinctive numbers and characters thereon. The provisions of this section shall apply also to the sale or lease of a trailer and to the use by the vendee or lessee of dealer's or transporter's number plates on the trailer sold or leased, and for the purpose of applying such provisions a trailer shall be deemed to be a motor vehicle. S 416-a. Bumper quality label requirements. 1. It shall be unlawful after January first, nineteen hundred ninety-three for any manufacturer to sell or lease or to offer to sell or lease in this state for the purpose of registration in this state any new passenger type motor vehicle manufactured or assembled after said date designated as a nineteen hundred ninety-three or subsequent model, except omnibus and multipurpose passenger vehicles, unless such vehicle has affixed thereto a bumper quality label, placed conspicuously upon that window or windshield where the manufacturer's suggested retail price sticker has been posted. The commissioner shall determine the size, type legibility and placement of such label. Such label shall include the following information: "This vehicle is equipped with a front bumper that has been tested at an impact speed of (specified by vehicle manufacturer) _____ miles per hour and a rear bumper that has been tested at an impact speed of (specified by the vehicle manufacturer) _______ miles per hour, and has sustained no damage to the vehicle's body and minimal damage to the bumper and attachment hardware. Minimal damage to the bumper means damage that can be repaired with the use of a common repair materials and without replacing any parts. The stronger the bumper, the less likely the car will require repair after a low-speed collision." 2. The impact speed required to be specified in the notice pursuant to subdivision one of this section is the maximum speed of impact upon the bumper of the vehicle at which the vehicle sustains no damage to the body and safety systems and only minimal damage to the bumper when subjected to the fixed barrier and pendulum impact tests, and when subjected to the corner impact test at not less than sixty percent of that maximum speed, conducted pursuant to the practices, procedures and regulations promulgated under the concurrent authority of the Federal Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (Cost Savings Act)(15 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.) and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (15 U.S.C. 1381, et seq.) 3. For purposes of this section, "no damage" means that, when a passenger vehicle is subjected to applicable impact testing practices and procedures, the exterior surfaces shall have no separations of surface materials, paint, polymeric coatings or other covering materials from the surface to which they are bonded, and no permanent deviations from their original contours thirty minutes after completion of each pendulum and barrier impact test, except where such damage occurs to the bumper face bar and the components and associated fasteners that directly attach the bumper face bar to the chassis frame. There shall be no breakage or release of fasteners or joints except as described above. 4. Any manufacturer who violates subdivision one of this section, without just cause, shall be subject to a civil fine of not more than fifty dollars per vehicle with respect to which there has been a violation of this section. Civil penalties so assessed may not be deducted as an expense from any tax liability due to any local or state tax jurisdiction. S 416-b. Vehicle data recording devices. 1. A manufacturer of a new motor vehicle sold or leased in this state, which is equipped with one or more recording devices commonly referred to as "event data recorders" including "sensing and diagnostic modules" shall disclose that fact in or along with the owner's manual for the vehicle. 2. As used in this section, (a) "event data recorder" means a feature that is installed by the manufacturer of the vehicle and does one or more of the following, for the purpose of capturing data for retrieval after a crash: (i) Records vehicle speed and/or direction. (ii) Records vehicle location. (iii) Records vehicle steering performance. (iv) Records brake performance, including, but not limited to, whether brakes were applied before a crash. (v) Records the driver's seatbelt status. (vi) Has the ability to transmit information concerning a crash in which the motor vehicle has been involved to a central communications system when a crash occurs. (b) "owner" means a person having all the incidents of ownership, including the legal title of a vehicle whether or not such person lends, rents or creates a security interest in the vehicle; a person entitled to the possession of a vehicle as the purchaser under a security agreement; or the person entitled to possession of the vehicle as lessee pursuant to a written lease agreement, provided such agreement at inception is for a period in excess of three months. 3. Data described in subdivision two of this section that is recorded on an event data recorder may not be downloaded or otherwise retrieved by a person other than the owner of the motor vehicle at the time the data is accessed, except under one of the following circumstances: (a) The owner of the motor vehicle or the owner's agent or legal representative consents to the retrieval of the information. (b) In response to an order of a court or other judicial or administrative authority having jurisdiction to issue the order. (c) For the purpose of improving motor vehicle safety, security or traffic management including for medical research of the human body's reaction to motor vehicle crashes, provided that the identity of the registered owner or driver is not disclosed in connection with that retrieved data. For purposes of this section the disclosure of the vehicle identification number (VIN) with the last four digits deleted, does not constitute the disclosure of the identity of the registered owner or driver. (d) The data is retrieved by a licensed new motor vehicle dealer as defined in section four hundred fifteen of this article or by an automotive technician trained in such retrieval and employed by a registered motor vehicle repair shop as defined in article twelve-A of this chapter, for the purpose of diagnosing, servicing, or repairing the motor vehicle. (e) The data is retrieved for the purpose of determining the need for or facilitating emergency medical response in the event of a motor vehicle crash. 4. A person, including a service or data processor operating on behalf of such a person authorized to download or otherwise retrieve data from an event data recorder pursuant to paragraph (c) of subdivision three of this section, may not release that data, except for the purposes of motor vehicle safety and medical research communities to advance motor vehicle safety, security or traffic management, or to a data processor solely for the purpose permitted by this subdivision, and only if the identity of the owner or driver is not disclosed. 5. (a) If a motor vehicle is equipped with a recording device that is capable of recording or transmitting information as described in subparagraph (ii) or (vi) of paragraph (a) of subdivision two of this section and that capability is part of a subscription service, the fact that the information may be recorded or transmitted shall be disclosed in the subscription service agreement. (b) Subdivision three of this section does not apply to subscription services meeting the requirements of paragraph (a) of this subdivision. S 417. Certificates by retail dealers on sales of second hand motor vehicles. Upon the sale or transfer of title by a retail dealer of any second hand motor vehicle, intended for use by the buyer, his agent or representative upon the public highways, the vendor shall execute and deliver to the vendee an instrument in writing, in a form prescribed by the commissioner, in which shall be given the make, year of manufacture and identification number of the said motor vehicle, the name and address of the vendee, and the date of delivery to the vendee. Such notice shall also contain a certification that said motor vehicle complies with such requirements of this chapter as shall be specified by the commissioner and that it is in condition and repair to render, under normal use, satisfactory and adequate service upon the public highway at the time of delivery. The failure of the vendor to deliver to the vendee the certificate required by this section or delivery of a false certificate knowing the same to be false or misleading or without making an appropriate inspection to determine whether the contents of such certificate are true shall constitute a violation of this section. The delivery of a false certificate shall raise presumption that such certificate was issued without an appropriate inspection. This section shall not apply to a motor vehicle transferred to a lessee, a family member of a lessee, or an employee of a lessee, who has had possession of the vehicle for a period of one hundred twenty days or more under a lease. S 417-a. Mandatory disclosures by sellers prior to resale. 1. Certificate of prior use by dealer. (a) Upon the sale or transfer of title by a dealer of any second-hand passenger motor vehicle, the dealer shall execute and deliver to the buyer an instrument in writing in a form prescribed by the commissioner which shall set forth the nature of the principal prior use of such vehicle when the dealer knows or has reason to know that such use was as a taxicab, rental vehicle, police vehicle, or vehicle which has been repurchased pursuant to either section one hundred ninety-eight-a or one hundred ninety-eight-b of the general business law, a similar statute of another state, or an arbitration or alternative dispute procedure. (b) Upon the sale or transfer of title by a dealer of any passenger motor vehicle that the dealer knows or has reason to know was previously used as a driver education vehicle, the dealer shall execute and deliver to the buyer an instrument in writing in a form prescribed by the commissioner acknowledging such prior use. 2. Certificate of prior nonconformity by manufacturer or dealer. Upon the sale or transfer of title by a manufacturer, its agent or any dealer of any second-hand motor vehicle, previously returned to a manufacturer or dealer for nonconformity to its warranty or after final determination, adjudication or settlement pursuant to section one hundred ninety-eight-a or one hundred ninety-eight-b of the general business law, the manufacturer or dealer shall execute and deliver to the buyer an instrument in writing in a form prescribed by the commissioner setting forth the following information in ten point, all capital type: "IMPORTANT: THIS VEHICLE WAS RETURNED TO THE MANUFACTURER OR DEALER BECAUSE IT DID NOT CONFORM TO ITS WARRANTY AND THE DEFECT OR CONDITION WAS NOT FIXED WITHIN A REASONABLE TIME AS PROVIDED BY NEW YORK LAW." Such notice that a vehicle was returned to the manufacturer or dealer because it did not conform to its warranty shall also be conspicuously printed on the motor vehicle's certificate of title. 3. Violation. The failure of a dealer to deliver to the buyer the instrument required by this section or the delivery of an instrument containing false or misleading information shall constitute a violation of this section. 4. Private Remedy. A consumer injured by a violation of this section may bring an action to recover damages. Judgment may be entered for three times the actual damages suffered by a consumer or one hundred dollars, whichever is greater. A court also may award reasonable attorneys' fees to a prevailing plaintiff buyer. 5. a. Action by the attorney general. Upon any violation of this section, an application may be made by the attorney general in the name of the people of the state of New York to a court or justice having jurisdiction to issue an injunction, and upon notice to the defendant of not less than five days, to enjoin and restrain the continuance of the violation. If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court or justice that the defendant has violated this section, an injunction may be issued by the court or justice, enjoining and restraining any further violation, without requiring proof that any person has, in fact, been injured or damaged thereby. In any such proceeding, the court may make allowances to the attorney general as provided in paragraph six of subdivision (a) of section eighty-three hundred three of the civil practice law and rules, and direct restitution. b. Whenever the court shall determine that a violation of this section has occurred, it may impose a civil penalty of not more than one thousand dollars for each violation. In connection with an application made under this subdivision, the attorney general is authorized to take proof and to make a determination of the relevant facts and to issue subpoenas in accordance with the civil practice law and rules. S 417-b. Mandatory disclosures by second-hand dealers prior to resale. 1. Upon the sale or transfer of title by any dealer of any second-hand motor vehicle which was manufactured or assembled on or after July first, nineteen hundred ninety-one and designed as a nineteen hundred ninety-two or later model and which the dealer knows or has reason to know that such vehicle is not equipped with a tamper-resistant odometer as provided in subdivision forty-six of section three hundred seventy-five of this chapter, the dealer shall execute and deliver to the buyer an instrument in writing in a form prescribed by the commissioner setting forth the following information in ten point, all capital type: "IMPORTANT: THIS VEHICLE IS NOT EQUIPPED WITH A TAMPER-RESISTANT ODOMETER." Such notice that a vehicle is not equipped with a tamper-resistant odometer shall also be conspicuously printed on the motor vehicle's certificate of title. 2. The failure of a dealer to deliver to the buyer the instrument required by this section or the delivery of an instrument containing false or misleading information shall constitute a violation of this section. 3. A consumer injured by a violation of this section may bring an action to recover damages. Judgment may be entered for three times the actual damages suffered by a consumer or one hundred dollars, whichever is greater. A court also may award reasonable attorneys' fees to a prevailing plaintiff buyer. 4. a. Upon any violation of this section, an application may be made by the attorney general in the name of the people of the state of New York to a court or justice having jurisdiction to issue an injunction, and upon notice to the defendant of not less than five days, to enjoin and restrain the continuance of the violation. If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court or justice that the defendant has violated this section, an injunction may be issued by the court or justice, enjoining and restraining any further violation, without requiring proof that any person has, in fact, been injured or damaged thereby. In any such proceeding, the court may make allowances to the attorney general as provided in paragraph six of subdivision (a) of section eighty-three hundred three of the civil practice law and rules, and direct restitution. b. Whenever the court shall determine that a violation of this section has occurred, it may impose a civil penalty of not more than one thousand dollars for each violation. In connection with an application made under this subdivision, the attorney general is authorized to take proof and to make a determination of the relevant facts and to issue subpoenas in accordance with the civil practice law and rules. S 418. Punishment for violations. Except as otherwise provided, the violation of any of the provisions of sections four hundred fifteen and four hundred sixteen of this chapter shall be a traffic infraction. S 419. Recreational vehicle shows or exhibits. Notwithstanding any other provision of this article to the contrary, a recreational vehicle dealer licensed to do business as such in another state or jurisdiction may participate in a vehicle show or exhibit which has, when it opens to the public, at least a total of fifty dealers from both this state and outside this state manning recreational vehicle manufacturer displays if the show or exhibit is trade-oriented and is predominantly funded by recreational vehicle manufacturers. All of the participating dealers who are not licensed by this state must be from a state contiguous to this state which permits recreational vehicle dealers licensed as such in this state to participate in like shows or exhibits in that state under conditions substantially equivalent to the conditions which are imposed upon dealers from that state who participate in recreational vehicle shows or exhibits in this state and are duly licensed and authorized by their state of residence to sell recreational vehicles. Except as otherwise provided, nothing herein shall be deemed to waive or alter any other provision of law, rule or regulation. For the purpose of this section, the term "recreational vehicle" shall have the same meaning as "house coach" as such term is defined in section one hundred nineteen of this chapter. Top of Page
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