| Find a word or phrase on this page: |
ARTICLE 460
ENTERPRISE CORRUPTION
Section 460.00 Legislative findings.
460.10 Definitions.
460.20 Enterprise corruption.
460.25 Enterprise corruption; limitations.
460.30 Enterprise corruption; forfeiture.
460.40 Enterprise corruption; jurisdiction.
460.50 Enterprise corruption; prosecution.
460.60 Enterprise corruption; consent to prosecute.
460.70 Provisional remedies.
460.80 Court ordered disclosure.
S 460.00 Legislative findings.
The legislature finds and determines as follows:
Organized crime in New York state involves highly sophisticated,
complex and widespread forms of criminal activity. The diversified
illegal conduct engaged in by organized crime, rooted in the illegal use
of force, fraud, and corruption, constitutes a major drain upon the
state`s economy, costs citizens and businesses of the state billions of
dollars each year, and threatens the peace, security and general welfare
of the people of the state.
Organized crime continues to expand its corrosive influence in the
state through illegal enterprises engaged in such criminal endeavors as
the theft and fencing of property, the importation and distribution of
narcotics and other dangerous drugs, arson for profit, hijacking, labor
racketeering, loansharking, extortion and bribery, the illegal disposal
of hazardous wastes, syndicated gambling, trafficking in stolen
securities, insurance and investment frauds, and other forms of economic
and social exploitation.
The money and power derived by organized crime through its illegal
enterprises and endeavors is increasingly being used to infiltrate and
corrupt businesses, unions and other legitimate enterprises and to
corrupt our democratic processes. This infiltration takes several forms
with legitimate enterprises being employed as instrumentalities, injured
as victims, or taken as prizes. Through such infiltration the power of
an enterprise can be diverted to criminal ends, its resources looted, or
it can be taken over entirely, either on paper or de facto. Thus, for
purposes of making both criminal and civil remedies available to deal
with the corruption of such enterprises, the concept of criminal
enterprise should not be limited to traditional criminal syndicates or
crime families, and may include persons who join together in a criminal
enterprise, as defined by subdivision three of section 460.10 of this
article, for the purpose of corrupting such legitimate enterprises or
infiltrating and illicitly influencing industries.
One major cause of the continuing growth of organized criminal
activities within the state is the inadequacy and limited nature of
sanctions and remedies available to state and local law enforcement
officials to deal with this intricate and varied criminal conduct.
Existing penal law provisions are primarily concerned with the
commission of specific and limited criminal acts without regard to the
relationships of particular criminal acts or the illegal profits derived
therefrom, to legitimate or illicit enterprises operated or controlled
by organized crime. Further, traditional penal law provisions only
provide for the imposition of conventional criminal penalties, including
imprisonment, fines and probation, for entrenched organized crime
enterprises. Such penalties are not adequate to enable the state to
effectively fight organized crime. Instead, new penal prohibitions and
enhanced sanctions, and new civil and criminal remedies are necessary to
deal with the unlawful activities of persons and enterprises engaged in
organized crime. Comprehensive statutes enacted at the federal level
and in a number of other states with significant organized crime
problems, have provided law enforcement agencies with an effective tool
to fight organized crime. Such laws permit law enforcement authorities
(i) to charge and prove patterns of criminal activity and their
connection to ongoing enterprises, legitimate or illegal, that are
controlled or operated by organized crime, and (ii) to apply criminal
and civil penalties designed to prevent and eliminate organized crime`s
involvement with such enterprises. The organized crime control act is a
statute of comparable purpose but tempered by reasonable limitations on
its applicability, and by due regard for the rights of innocent persons.
Because of its more rigorous definitions, this act will not apply to
some situations encompassed within comparable statutes in other
jurisdictions. This act is vital to the peace, security and general
welfare of the state.
In part because of its highly diverse nature, it is impossible to
precisely define what organized crime is. This article, however, does
attempt to define and criminalize what organized crime does. This
article focuses upon criminal enterprises because their sophistication
and organization make them more effective at their criminal purposes and
because their structure and insulation protect their leadership from
detection and prosecution.
At the same time, this article is not intended to be employed to
prosecute relatively minor or isolated acts of criminality which, while
related to an enterprise and arguably part of a pattern as defined in
this article, can be adequately and more fairly prosecuted as separate
offenses. Similarly, particular defendants may play so minor a role in a
criminal enterprise that their culpability would be unfairly distorted
by prosecution and punishment for participation in the enterprise.
The balance intended to be struck by this act cannot readily be
codified in the form of restrictive definitions or a categorical list of
exceptions. General, yet carefully drawn definitions of the terms
"pattern of criminal activity" and "criminal enterprise" have been
employed. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 5.00 of this
chapter these definitions should be given their plain meaning, and
should not be construed either liberally or strictly, but in the context
of the legislative purposes set forth in these findings. Within the
confines of these and other applicable definitions, discretion ought
still be exercised. Once the letter of the law is complied with,
including the essential showing that there is a pattern of conduct which
is criminal under existing statutes, the question whether to prosecute
under those statutes or for the pattern itself is essentially one of
fairness. The answer will depend on the particular situation, and is
best addressed by those institutions of government which have
traditionally exercised that function: the grand jury, the public
prosecutor, and an independent judiciary.
S 460.10 Definitions.
The following definitions are applicable to this article.
1. "Criminal act" means conduct constituting any of the following
crimes, or conspiracy or attempt to commit any of the following
felonies:
(a) Any of the felonies set forth in this chapter: sections 120.05,
120.10 and 120.11 relating to assault; sections 125.10 to 125.27
relating to homicide; sections 130.25, 130.30 and 130.35 relating to
rape; sections 135.20 and 135.25 relating to kidnapping; section 135.65
relating to coercion; sections 140.20, 140.25 and 140.30 relating to
burglary; sections 145.05, 145.10 and 145.12 relating to criminal
mischief; article one hundred fifty relating to arson; sections 155.30,
155.35, 155.40 and 155.42 relating to grand larceny; article one hundred
sixty relating to robbery; sections 165.45, 165.50, 165.52 and 165.54
relating to criminal possession of stolen property; sections 170.10,
170.15, 170.25, 170.30, 170.40, 170.65 and 170.70 relating to forgery;
sections 175.10, 175.25, 175.35, 175.40 and 210.40 relating to false
statements; sections 176.15, 176.20, 176.25 and 176.30 relating to
insurance fraud; sections 178.20 and 178.25 relating to criminal
diversion of prescription medications and prescriptions; sections
180.03, 180.08, 180.15, 180.25, 180.40, 180.45, 200.00, 200.03, 200.04,
200.10, 200.11, 200.12, 200.20, 200.22, 200.25, 200.27, 215.00, 215.05
and 215.19 relating to bribery; sections 190.40 and 190.42 relating to
criminal usury; section 190.65 relating to schemes to defraud; sections
205.60 and 205.65 relating to hindering prosecution; sections 210.10,
210.15, and 215.51 relating to perjury and contempt; section 215.40
relating to tampering with physical evidence; sections 220.06, 220.09,
220.16, 220.18, 220.21, 220.31, 220.34, 220.39, 220.41, 220.43, 220.46,
220.55 and 220.60 relating to controlled substances; sections 225.10 and
225.20 relating to gambling; sections 230.25, 230.30, and 230.32
relating to promoting prostitution; sections 235.06, 235.07 and 235.21
relating to obscenity; section 263.10 relating to promoting an obscene
performance by a child; sections 265.02, 265.03, 265.04, 265.11, 265.12,
265.13 and the provisions of section 265.10 which constitute a felony
relating to firearms and other dangerous weapons; and sections 265.14
and 265.16 relating to criminal sale of a firearm; and section 275.10,
275.20, 275.30, or 275.40 relating to unauthorized recordings; and
sections 470.05, 470.10, 470.15 and 470.20 relating to money laundering;
or
(b) Any felony set forth elsewhere in the laws of this state and
defined by the tax law relating to alcoholic beverage, cigarette,
gasoline and similar motor fuel taxes; title seventy-one of the
environmental conservation law relating to water pollution, hazardous
waste or substances hazardous or acutely hazardous to public health or
safety of the environment; article twenty-three-a of the general
business law relating to prohibited acts concerning stocks, bonds and
other securities or article twenty-two of the general business law
concerning monopolies.
2. "Enterprise" means either an enterprise as defined in subdivision
one of section 175.00 of this chapter or criminal enterprise as defined
in subdivision three of this section.
3. "Criminal enterprise" means a group of persons sharing a common
purpose of engaging in criminal conduct, associated in an ascertainable
structure distinct from a pattern of criminal activity, and with a
continuity of existence, structure and criminal purpose beyond the scope
of individual criminal incidents.
4. "Pattern of criminal activity" means conduct engaged in by persons
charged in an enterprise corruption count constituting three or more
criminal acts that:
(a) were committed within ten years of the commencement of the
criminal action;
(b) are neither isolated incidents, nor so closely related and
connected in point of time or circumstance of commission as to
constitute a criminal offense or criminal transaction, as those terms
are defined in section 40.10 of the criminal procedure law; and
(c) are either: (i) related to one another through a common scheme or
plan or (ii) were committed, solicited, requested, importuned or
intentionally aided by persons acting with the mental culpability
required for the commission thereof and associated with or in the
criminal enterprise.
S 460.20 Enterprise corruption.
1. A person is guilty of enterprise corruption when, having knowledge
of the existence of a criminal enterprise and the nature of its
activities, and being employed by or associated with such enterprise,
he:
(a) intentionally conducts or participates in the affairs of an
enterprise by participating in a pattern of criminal activity; or
(b) intentionally acquires or maintains any interest in or control of
an enterprise by participating in a pattern of criminal activity; or
(c) participates in a pattern of criminal activity and knowingly
invests any proceeds derived from that conduct, or any proceeds derived
from the investment or use of those proceeds, in an enterprise.
2. For purposes of this section, a person participates in a pattern of
criminal activity when, with intent to participate in or advance the
affairs of the criminal enterprise, he engages in conduct constituting,
or, is criminally liable for pursuant to section 20.00 of this chapter,
at least three of the criminal acts included in the pattern, provided
that:
(a) Two of his acts are felonies other than conspiracy;
(b) Two of his acts, one of which is a felony, occurred within five
years of the commencement of the criminal action; and
(c) Each of his acts occurred within three years of a prior act.
3. For purposes of this section, the enterprise corrupted in violation
of subdivision one of this section need not be the criminal enterprise
by which the person is employed or with which he is associated, and may
be a legitimate enterprise.
Enterprise corruption is a class B felony.
S 460.25 Enterprise corruption; limitations.
1. For purposes of subdivision one of section 460.20 of this article,
a person does not acquire or maintain an interest in an enterprise by
participating in a pattern of criminal activity when he invests proceeds
derived from a pattern of criminal activity in such enterprise.
2. For purposes of subdivision one of section 460.20 of this article,
it shall not be unlawful to:
(a) purchase securities on the open market with intent to make an
investment, and without the intent of controlling or participating in
the control of the issuer, or of assisting another to do so, if the
securities of the issuer held by the purchaser, the members of his
immediate family, and his or their accomplices in any pattern of
criminal activity do not amount in the aggregate to five percent of the
outstanding securities of any one class and do not confer, either in the
law or in fact, the power to elect one or more directors of the issuer;
(b) make a deposit in an account maintained in a savings and loan
association, or a deposit in any other such financial institution, that
creates an ownership interest in that association or institution;
(c) purchase shares in co-operatively owned residential or commercial
property;
(d) purchase non-voting shares in a limited partnership, with intent
to make an investment, and without the intent of controlling or
participating in the control of the partnership.
S 460.30 Enterprise corruption; forfeiture.
1. Any person convicted of enterprise corruption may be required
pursuant to this section to criminally forfeit to the state:
(a) any interest in, security of, claim against or property or
contractual right of any kind affording a source of influence over any
enterprise whose affairs he has controlled or in which he has
participated in violation of subdivision one of section 460.20 of this
article and for which he was convicted and the use of which interest,
security, claim or right by him contributed directly and materially to
the crime for which he was convicted unless such forfeiture is
disproportionate to the defendant`s gain from his association or
employment with the enterprise, in which event the jury may recommend
forfeiture of a portion thereof;
(b) any interest, including proceeds, he has acquired or maintained in
an enterprise in violation of subdivision one of section 460.20 of this
article and for which he was convicted unless such forfeiture is
disproportionate to the conduct he engaged in and on which the
forfeiture is based, in which event the jury may recommend forfeiture of
a portion thereof; or
(c) any interest, including proceeds he has derived from an investment
of proceeds in an enterprise in violation of subdivision one of section
460.20 of this article and for which he was convicted unless such
forfeiture is disproportionate to the conduct he engaged in and on which
the forfeiture is based, in which event the jury may recommend
forfeiture of a portion thereof.
2. (a) Forfeiture may be ordered when the grand jury returning an
indictment charging a person with enterprise corruption has received
evidence legally sufficient to establish, and providing reasonable cause
to believe, that the property or other interest is subject to forfeiture
under this section. In that event, the grand jury shall file a special
information, not to be disclosed to the jury in the criminal action
prior to verdict on the criminal charges, specifying the property or
other interest for which forfeiture is sought and containing a plain and
concise factual statement which sets forth the basis for the forfeiture.
Alternatively, where the defendant has waived indictment and consented
to be prosecuted by superior court information pursuant to article one
hundred ninety-five of the criminal procedure law, the prosecutor may
file, in addition to the superior court information charging enterprise
corruption, a special information specifying the property or other
interest for which forfeiture is sought and containing a plain and
concise factual statement which sets forth the basis for the forfeiture.
(b) After returning a verdict of guilty on an enterprise corruption
count or counts, the jury shall be given the special information and
hear any additional evidence which is relevant and legally admissible
upon the forfeiture count or counts of the special information. After
hearing such evidence, the jury shall then deliberate upon the
forfeiture count or counts and, based upon all the evidence received in
connection with the indictment or superior court information and the
special information, may, if satisfied by proof beyond a reasonable
doubt that the property or other interest, or a portion thereof, is
subject to forfeiture under this section return a verdict determining
such property or other interest, or portion thereof, is subject to
forfeiture, provided, however, where a defendant has waived a jury trial
pursuant to article three hundred twenty of the criminal procedure law,
the court may hear and receive all of the evidence upon the indictment
or superior court information and the special information and render a
verdict upon the enterprise corruption count or counts and the
forfeiture count or counts.
(c) After the verdict of forfeiture, the court shall hear arguments
and may receive additional evidence upon a motion of the defendant that
the verdict of forfeiture (i) is against the weight of the evidence, or
(ii) is, with respect to a forfeiture pursuant to paragraph (a) of
subdivision one of this section, disproportionate to the defendant`s
gain from his association or employment with the enterprise, or, with
respect to a forfeiture pursuant to paragraph (b) or (c) of subdivision
one of this section, disproportionate to the conduct he engaged in on
which the forfeiture is based. Upon such a finding the court may in the
interests of justice set aside, modify, limit or otherwise condition an
order of forfeiture.
3. (a) An order of criminal forfeiture shall authorize the prosecutor
to seize all property or other interest declared forfeited under this
section upon such terms and conditions as the court shall deem proper.
If a property right or other interest is not exercisable or transferable
for value by the prosecutor, it shall expire and shall not revert to the
convicted person. The court ordering any forfeiture may remit such
forfeiture or any portion thereof.
(b) No person shall forfeit any right, title or interest in any
property or enterprise under this article who has not been convicted of
a violation of section 460.20 of this article. Any person other than the
convicted person claiming an interest in forfeited property or other
interest may bring a special proceeding to determine that claim, before
or after trial, pursuant to section thirteen hundred twenty-seven of the
civil practice law and rules, provided, however, that if such an action
is brought before trial, it may, upon motion of the prosecutor, and in
the court`s discretion, be postponed by the court until completion of
the trial. In addition, any person claiming an interest in property
subject to forfeiture may petition for remission as provided in
subdivision seven of section thirteen hundred eleven of such law and
rules.
4. All property and other interests which are criminally forfeited
following the commencement of an action under this article, whether by
plea, verdict or other agreement, shall be disposed of in accordance
with the provisions of section thirteen hundred forty-nine of the civil
practice law and rules. In any case where one or more of the counts upon
which a person is convicted specifically includes as a criminal act a
violation of any offense defined in article two hundred twenty of this
chapter, the court shall determine what portion of that property or
interest derives from or relates to such criminal act, and direct that
distribution of that portion be conducted in the manner prescribed for
actions grounded upon offenses in violation of article two hundred
twenty.
5. Any person convicted of a violation of section 460.20 of this
article through which he derived pecuniary value, or by which he caused
personal injury or property damage or other loss, may be sentenced to
pay a fine not in excess of three times the gross value he gained or
three times the gross loss he caused, whichever is greater. Moneys so
collected shall be paid as restitution to victims of the crime for
medical expenses actually incurred, loss of earnings or property loss or
damage caused thereby. Any excess after restitution shall be paid to the
state treasury. In any case where one or more of the counts upon which a
person is convicted specifically includes as a criminal act a violation
of any offense defined in article two hundred twenty of this chapter,
the court shall determine what proportion of the entire pattern such
criminal acts constitute and distribute such portion in the manner
prescribed by section three hundred forty-nine of the civil practice law
and rules for forfeiture actions grounded upon offenses in violation of
article two hundred twenty. When the court imposes a fine pursuant to
this subdivision, the court shall make a finding as to the amount of the
gross value gained or the gross loss caused. If the record does not
contain sufficient evidence to support such a finding the court may
conduct a hearing upon the issue. In imposing a fine, the court shall
consider the seriousness of the conduct, whether the amount of the fine
is disproportionate to the conduct in which he engaged, its impact on
victims and the enterprise corrupted by that conduct, as well as the
economic circumstances of the convicted person, including the effect of
the imposition of such a fine upon his immediate family.
6. The imposition of an order of criminal forfeiture pursuant to
subdivision one of this section, a judgment of civil forfeiture pursuant
to article thirteen-A of the civil practice law and rules, or a fine
pursuant to subdivision five of this section or paragraph (b) of
subdivision one of section 80.00 of this chapter, shall preclude the
imposition of any other such order or judgment of forfeiture or fine
based upon the same criminal conduct, provided however that where an
order of criminal forfeiture is imposed pursuant to subdivision one of
this section, an action pursuant to article thirteen-A of the civil
practice law and rules may nonetheless be brought, and an order imposed
in that action, for forfeiture of the proceeds of a crime or the
substituted proceeds of a crime where such proceeds are not subject to
criminal forfeiture pursuant to subdivision one of this section. The
imposition of a fine pursuant to subdivision five of this section or
paragraph (b) of subdivision one of section 80.00 of this chapter, shall
preclude the imposition of any other fine pursuant to any other
provision of this chapter.
7. Other than as provided in subdivision six, the imposition of a
criminal penalty, forfeiture or fine under this section shall not
preclude the application of any other criminal penalty or civil remedy
under this article or under any other provision of law.
8. Any payment made as restitution to victims pursuant to this section
shall not limit, preclude or impair any liability for damages in any
civil action or proceeding for an amount in excess of such payment.
S 460.40 Enterprise corruption; jurisdiction.
A person may be prosecuted for enterprise corruption:
1. in any county in which the principal place of business, if any, of
the enterprise was located at the time of the offense, and, if the
enterprise had a principal place or business located in more than one
county, then in any such county in which any conduct occurred
constituting or requisite to the completion of the offense of enterprise
corruption; or
2. in any county in which any act included in the pattern of criminal
activity could have been prosecuted pursuant to article twenty of the
criminal procedure law; provided, however, that such person may not be
prosecuted for enterprise corruption in such county based on this
subdivision if the jurisdiction of such county is based solely on
section 20.60 of the criminal procedure law; or
3. in any county in which he:
(a) conducts or participates in the affairs of the enterprise in
violation of subdivision one of section 460.20 of this article,
(b) acquires or maintains an interest in or control of the enterprise
in violation of subdivision one of section 460.20 of this article,
(c) invests proceeds in an enterprise in violation of subdivision one
of section 460.20 of this article; or
4. in any county in which the conduct of the actor had or was likely
to have a particular effect upon such county or a political subdivision
or part thereof, and was performed with intent that it would, or with
knowledge that it was likely to, have such particular effect therein.
S 460.50 Enterprise corruption; prosecution.
1. Subject to the provisions of section 460.60 of this article, a
charge of enterprise corruption may be prosecuted by: (a) the district
attorney of any county with jurisdiction over the offense pursuant to
section 460.40 of this article; (b) the deputy attorney general in
charge of the statewide organized crime task force when authorized by
subdivision seven of section seventy-a of the executive law; or (c) the
attorney general when he is otherwise authorized by law to prosecute
each of the criminal acts specifically included in the pattern of
criminal activity alleged in the enterprise corruption charge.
2. For purposes of paragraph (c) of subdivision one of this section, a
criminal act or an offense is specifically included in a pattern of
criminal activity when the count of the accusatory instrument charging a
person with enterprise corruption alleges a pattern of criminal activity
and the act is alleged to be a criminal act within the pattern of
criminal activity.
S 460.60 Enterprise corruption; consent to prosecute.
1. For purposes of this section, when a grand jury proceeding concerns
a possible charge of enterprise corruption, or when an accusatory
instrument includes a count charging a person with enterprise
corruption, the affected district attorneys are the district attorneys
otherwise empowered to prosecute any of the underlying acts of criminal
activity in a county with jurisdiction over the offense of enterprise
corruption pursuant to section 460.40 of this article, in which:
(a) there has been substantial and significant activity by the
particular enterprise; or
(b) conduct occurred constituting a criminal act specifically included
in the pattern of criminal activity charged in the accusatory instrument
and not previously prosecuted; or
(c) the particular enterprise has its principal place of business.
2. A grand jury proceeding concerning a possible charge of enterprise
corruption may be instituted only with the consent of the affected
district attorneys. Should the possibility of such a charge develop
after a grand jury proceeding has been instituted, the consent of the
affected district attorneys shall be sought as soon as is practical, and
an indictment charging a person with enterprise corruption may not be
voted upon by the grand jury without such consent.
3. A person may be charged in an accusatory instrument with enterprise
corruption only with the consent of the affected district attorneys.
When it is impractical to obtain the consent specified in subdivision
two of this section prior to the filing of the accusatory instrument,
then that consent must be secured within twenty days thereafter.
4. When the prosecutor is the deputy attorney general in charge of the
statewide organized crime task force, the consent required by
subdivisions two and three of this section shall be in addition to that
required by subdivision seven of section seventy-a of the executive law.
5. Within fifteen days after the arraignment of any person on an
indictment charging a person with the crime of enterprise corruption the
prosecutor shall provide a copy of the indictment to those district
attorneys whose consent was required pursuant to subdivision three of
this section, and shall notify the court and defendant of those district
attorneys whose consent the prosecutor has secured. The court shall then
review the indictment and the grand jury minutes, notify any district
attorney whose consent under subdivision one of this section should have
been but was not obtained, direct that the prosecutor provide that
district attorney with the portion of the indictment and grand jury
minutes that are relevant to a determination whether that district
attorney is an "affected district attorney" within the meaning of
subdivision one of this section.
6. The failure to obtain from any district attorney the consent
required by subdivision two or three of this section shall not be
grounds for dismissal of the accusatory instrument or for any other
relief upon motion of a defendant in the criminal action.
Upon motion of a district attorney whose consent, pursuant to
subdivision three of this section, the court determines was required but
not obtained, the court may not dismiss the accusatory instrument or any
count thereof but may grant any appropriate relief. Such relief may
include, but is not limited to:
(a) ordering that any money forfeited by a defendant in the criminal
action, or the proceeds from the sale of any other property forfeited in
the criminal action by a defendant, which would have been paid to the
county of that district attorney pursuant to section thirteen hundred
forty-nine of the civil practice law and rules had the forfeiture action
been prosecuted in the county of that district attorney, be paid in
whole or in part to the county of that district attorney; or
(b) upon consent of the defendant, ordering the transfer of the
prosecution, or any part thereof, to that district attorney or to any
other prosecutor with jurisdiction over the prosecution, of the part
thereof to be transferred. However, prior to ordering any transfer of
the prosecution, the court shall provide to those district attorneys who
have previously consented to the prosecution an opportunity to intervene
and be heard concerning such transfer.
7. A district attorney whose consent, pursuant to subdivision three of
this section, the court determines was required but not obtained may
seek the relief described in subdivision six of this section exclusively
by a pre-trial motion in the criminal action based on the indictment
charging the crime of enterprise corruption. Such relief must be sought
within forty-five days of the receipt of notice from the court pursuant
to subdivision five of this section.
S 460.70 Provisional remedies.
1. The provisional remedies authorized by article thirteen-A of the
civil practice law and rules shall be available in all criminal actions
in which criminal forfeiture or a fine pursuant to section 460.60 is
sought to the extent and under the same terms and conditions as provided
in article thirteen-A of such law and rules.
2. Upon the filing of an indictment and special information seeking
criminal forfeiture under this article all further proceedings with
respect to provisional remedies shall be heard by the judge or justice
in the criminal part to which the indictment and special information are
assigned.
3. For purposes of this section, the indictment and special
information seeking criminal forfeiture shall constitute the summons and
complaint referred to in article thirteen-A of the civil practice law
and rules.
S 460.80 Court ordered disclosure.
Notwithstanding the provisions of article two hundred forty of the
criminal procedure law, when forfeiture is sought pursuant to section
460.30 of this chapter, the court may order discovery of any property
not otherwise disclosed which is material and reasonably necessary for
preparation by the defendant with respect to the forfeiture proceeding
pursuant to such section. The court may issue a protective order
denying, limiting, conditioning, delaying or regulating such discovery
where a danger to the integrity of physical evidence or a substantial
risk of physical harm, intimidation, economic reprisal, bribery or
unjustified annoyance or embarrassment to any person or an adverse
effect upon the legitimate needs of law enforcement, including the
protection of the confidentiality of informants, or any other factor or
set of factors outweighs the usefulness of the discovery.
Penal Law Articles
1 | 05 | 10 | 15 | 20 |
25 | 30 | 35 |
40 | 55 | 60 | 65 | 70 | 80 | 100 | 105 | 110 | 115 | 120
| 125
130 |
135 | 140 | 145 |
150 |
155 | 156 | 158 | 160 | 165 | 170 | 175 | 176 | 178 | 180
| 185 | 190
195 |
200 |
205 | 210 | 215 | 220 | 221 | 225 | 230 | 235
| 240 | 241 | 245 | 250
| 255 | 260 | 263
265 |
270 | 275 | 400 | 405 | 410 | 415 | 420 | 450 | 460 | 470 | 480 | 485 | 490 | 500